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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class I Agents as Sodium Channel Blockers01:22

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Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs: These drugs work by moderately blocking sodium channels,...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Calcium Channel Blockers01:18

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Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

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Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of...
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Angina pectoris, a primary symptom of ischemic heart disease, requires careful pharmacological interventions. In this context, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and ranolazine have emerged as crucial pharmacotherapeutic agents, providing deep insights into the complexities of angina management.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants
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Structural Insight Into Ryanodine Receptor Channelopathies.

Hadiatullah Hadiatullah1,2, Zhao He1,2, Zhiguang Yuchi1,2

  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|June 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) control calcium release essential for cellular functions. High-resolution structures reveal RyR gating, regulation, and how mutations cause muscle and heart diseases, aiding therapy development.

Keywords:
channelopathiescryo-EMdisease mutationsryanodine receptorx-ray crystallography

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Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Ryanodine Receptor from Plutella xylostella
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Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study
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Last Updated: Sep 20, 2025

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Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Physiology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are crucial calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
  • RyR dysfunction is linked to skeletal muscle and cardiac diseases like malignant hyperthermia and arrhythmias.
  • Recent structural biology advances provide near-atomic resolution views of RyRs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RyR gating mechanisms, regulation by modulators, and the impact of disease-associated mutations.
  • To explore how structural insights can guide disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
  • To integrate findings from cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography of RyRs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (EM) and X-ray crystallography structures of RyRs.
  • Review of literature on RyR gating, modulation, and disease mechanisms.
  • Integration of structural data with physiological and pathological findings.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into the gating mechanisms of different RyR isoforms.
  • Understanding of RyR regulation by ions, small molecules, and proteins.
  • Elucidation of how disease-causing mutations alter RyR structure and function.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution RyR structures are key to understanding physiological and pathological processes.
  • Structural information is vital for developing targeted therapies for RyR-related disorders.
  • Future research can leverage structural data for improved diagnostics and treatments.