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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

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Land management can contribute to net zero.

Ruth DeFries1,2, Richie Ahuja3, Julio Friedman4,5

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Summary

The voluntary carbon market requires significant updates to effectively incorporate land-based carbon projects. These changes are crucial for enhancing the integrity and impact of carbon offsetting.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Change Economics
  • Forestry and Land Use

Background:

  • The voluntary carbon market (VCM) plays a role in climate change mitigation.
  • The land sector offers significant potential for carbon sequestration and emission reductions.
  • Current VCM frameworks may not adequately address the complexities of land-based projects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify necessary changes within the VCM for better land sector integration.
  • To explore how to enhance the effectiveness and credibility of land-based carbon credits.
  • To provide recommendations for VCM evolution to include land sector opportunities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of VCM standards and land sector methodologies.
  • Analysis of existing challenges in land-based carbon accounting.
  • Stakeholder consultations on VCM reform for land use.

Main Results:

  • Key areas for improvement include permanence, additionality, and monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) for land projects.
  • Standardization of methodologies across different land-based carbon removal activities is needed.
  • Increased transparency and robust governance structures are essential for VCM credibility.

Conclusions:

  • The VCM must adapt its methodologies and governance to fully realize the potential of the land sector.
  • Embracing these changes will improve the environmental integrity of carbon credits and climate outcomes.
  • Strategic reforms are vital for scaling up land-based climate solutions through the VCM.