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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Immune Cells in Hyperprogressive Disease under Immune Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy.

Zhanqi Wei1,2, Yuewei Zhang2

  • 1School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.

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|June 10, 2022
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Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) show promise in cancer treatment but can paradoxically accelerate tumor growth in some patients, a phenomenon known as hyperprogressive disease (HPD). This review explores the complex relationship between immune cells and HPD, aiming to clarify its underlying mechanisms.

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hyperprogressive diseaseimmune cellsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized cancer treatment by harnessing the immune system to eliminate tumors.
  • Despite significant survival benefits in many patients, ICIs exhibit limited efficacy and atypical responses, including hyperprogressive disease (HPD).
  • Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is a critical challenge where tumors progress rapidly under ICI treatment, negating therapeutic benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current research on the mechanisms of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) in cancer immunotherapy.
  • To elucidate the intricate relationships between various immune cells and the development of HPD.
  • To provide insights into the pathogenesis of HPD for improved clinical management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of preclinical (cell and animal studies) and clinical data (retrospective studies, case reports).
  • Focus on studies investigating the role of immune cells in the context of hyperprogressive disease (HPD).
  • Synthesis of findings to understand the immunological underpinnings of HPD.

Main Results:

  • Current findings on the role of diverse immune cells in HPD are summarized.
  • Evidence linking specific immune cell populations and their functions to accelerated tumor growth under immunotherapy is presented.
  • The complex and often controversial mechanisms driving HPD are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the immunological basis of HPD is crucial for improving immunotherapy outcomes.
  • Further research into immune cell dynamics is essential to predict and potentially prevent HPD.
  • Clarifying HPD mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.