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Obesity and the Brain.

Jacek Karczewski1,2, Aleksandra Zielińska3, Rafał Staszewski4

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immune system overactivation, even with the blood-brain barrier intact, heightens brain vulnerability. Factors like obesity and gut dysbiosis can disrupt immune cells, increasing neuropsychiatric disorder risk.

Keywords:
dysbiosismicrobiotaneuroinflammationneuropsychiatric diseasesobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Homeostasis

Background:

  • Innate and adaptive immunity are crucial for brain development and function.
  • Immune dysregulation can disrupt the delicate balance between immune and brain cells, leading to negative consequences.
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) may not fully protect the brain from systemic immune overactivation, increasing vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of how immune dysregulation impacts brain health.
  • To explore the link between systemic inflammation, microglial function, and neuropsychiatric conditions.
  • To highlight the role of factors like obesity and gut dysbiosis in immune-mediated brain vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • It examines evidence linking immune system overactivation to brain vulnerability.
  • The review discusses the impact of environmental and psychological factors on microglial function.

Main Results:

  • Overactivation of the immune system compromises the brain's integrity, increasing susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Factors such as obesity-driven inflammation and gut dysbiosis can trigger microglial dysfunction.
  • Visceral adiposity is identified as a significant risk factor for various neuropsychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining immune homeostasis is critical for preventing neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric issues.
  • Understanding the interplay between immunity and the brain is key to addressing neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Targeting inflammation and gut health may offer therapeutic strategies for reducing brain vulnerability.