A Review on Principles, Theories and Materials for Self Sensing Concrete for Structural Applications

Self-sensing concrete is a smart material known for its cost-effectiveness in structural health-monitoring areas, which converts the external stimuli into a stress/strain sensing parameter. Self-sensing material has excellent mechanical and electrical properties that allow it to act as a multifunctional agent satisfying both the strength and structural health-monitoring parameters. The main objective of this review is to understand the theories and principles behind the self-sensing practices. Many review papers have focused on the different types of materials and practices that rely on self-sensing technology, and only a few articles have discussed the theories involved. Understanding the mechanism and the theories behind the conduction mechanism is necessary. This review paper provides an overview of self-sensing concrete, including the principles such as piezoresistivity and piezopermittivity; the tunnelling effect, percolation threshold, and electrical circuit theories; the materials used and methods adopted; and the sensing parameters. The paper concludes with an outline of the application of self-sensing concrete and future recommendations, thus providing a better understanding of implementing the self-sensing technique in construction.