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Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...

Structural Classification of Joints

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.

Introduction to Joints

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

Published on: January 18, 2020

A Novel Method to Inspect 3D Ball Joint Socket Products Using 2D Convolutional Neural Network with Spatial and

Bekhzod Mustafaev¹, Anvarjon Tursunov², Sungwon Kim³

¹ICT Creative Convergence Department, Busan University of Foreign Studies, Busan 46234, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 10, 2022

Summary

This study introduces an efficient 3D product inspection system using 2D cameras and a deep learning model with spatial and channel attention (SCA) for real-time defect detection in manufacturing.

Keywords:

attention mechanism convolutional neural networks deep learning quality inspection

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Area of Science:

Industrial Manufacturing
Computer Vision
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Product defect inspection is crucial in manufacturing.
High-precision 3D cameras are costly and slow for real-time inspection.
Existing methods struggle with the complexity and diversity of industrial products.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a cost-effective and efficient real-time product inspection system.
To improve defect detection accuracy for 3D objects.
To address the limitations of traditional 3D inspection methods.

Main Methods:

Utilized five 2D cameras for comprehensive product data capture.
Developed a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) incorporating spatial and channel attention (SCA) mechanisms.
Employed channel attention (CA) to identify relevant feature maps and spatial attention (SA) to pinpoint critical regions.

Main Results:

The proposed CNN with SCA achieved 98% classification accuracy in experiments.
Demonstrated high efficiency for real-time product inspection.
Showcased potential for detecting small product defects.

Conclusions:

The proposed 2D CNN with SCA offers a viable solution for real-time industrial product inspection.
This approach provides high accuracy and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional methods.
The SCA mechanism enhances the model's ability to identify subtle defects.