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Multiplexed Readout for an Experiment with a Large Number of Channels Using Single-Electron Sensitivity Skipper-CCDs.

Claudio R Chavez^1,2,3, Fernando Chierchie², Miguel Sofo-Haro^1,4

¹Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 10, 2022

Summary

This study introduces a multiplexed analog readout system for Skipper-CCDs, enabling precise single-electron counting. The design minimizes components and data requirements for high-channel-density particle detection experiments.

Keywords:

CCDs Skipper-CCD analog charge pile-up multiplexed readout electronics sub-electron counting ultra low noise

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Area of Science:

Physics
Electrical Engineering
Sensor Technology

Background:

Skipper-Charge-Coupled Devices (Skipper-CCDs) are advanced sensors capable of high-precision charge measurements.
Traditional readout electronics for Skipper-CCDs can be complex and data-intensive, posing challenges for high-channel-density applications.
Achieving single-electron counting requires minimizing noise and maximizing readout efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To implement a multiplexed analog readout electronics system for Skipper-CCDs.
To enable single-electron counting with non-destructive readout.
To optimize the system for high-channel-density experiments and low-threshold particle detection.

Main Methods:

Utilizing analog charge pile-up, sample and hold circuits, and analog multiplexing.
Designing a low-component-count system to maintain compatibility with dense sensor arrays.
Implementing a non-destructive readout strategy for Skipper-CCDs.
Achieving sub-electron noise-level operation.

Main Results:

Demonstrated single-electron counting capability using the multiplexed analog readout system.
Maintained sensor performance with sub-electron noise levels.
Achieved low-bandwidth data transfer, minimal analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and low storage requirements.
Showcased zero added multiplexing time for simultaneous channel operation.
Presented experimental results from a 16-output stage sensor.

Conclusions:

The developed multiplexed analog readout system effectively enables single-electron counting with Skipper-CCDs.
The system's design is suitable for high-channel-density experiments, particularly in low-threshold particle detection.
The implementation offers a balance of high performance, low data requirements, and component efficiency.