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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
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Plant endosomes as protein sorting hubs.

Ariadna González Solís1, Elizabeth Berryman1, Marisa S Otegui1

  • 1Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.

FEBS Letters
|June 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Plant cells use endocytosis and endosomal trafficking to regulate plasma membrane proteins. Key molecular machinery sorts proteins at the trans-Golgi network and multivesicular endosomes for recycling or degradation.

Keywords:
AP complexesESCRTRAB GTPasesSNAREsclathrinmultivesicular endosomesretromertrans-Golgi network

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular and cellular trafficking

Background:

  • Endocytosis, secretion, and endosomal trafficking are crucial for maintaining plasma membrane composition and cellular responses.
  • Plant plasma membrane proteins are internalized via endocytosis and sorted at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and multivesicular endosomes (MVEs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of protein recognition and sorting at plant endosomes.
  • To discuss membrane remodeling, budding events, and their physiological implications in plants.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on protein sorting and trafficking in plant endosomes.
  • Focuses on the roles of molecular assemblies like retromer, ESCRT, small GTPases, adaptor proteins, and SNAREs.

Main Results:

  • Endosomes (TGN and MVEs) function as central sorting hubs for diverse cellular trafficking pathways.
  • Specific molecular assemblies mediate protein sorting, membrane budding, and vesicle formation at endosomal domains.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding endosomal protein sorting is vital for comprehending plant cellular trafficking and physiological adaptations.
  • These mechanisms are essential for regulating protein localization and turnover in response to environmental cues.