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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Bladder spasms following ambulatory urologic procedures.

Atousa Deljou1, Jalal Soleimani1, Elizabeth J Olive2

  • 1Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

The Canadian Journal of Urology
|June 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder spasms are common after urologic procedures, particularly longer or more complex ones. Prophylaxis with belladonna and opium suppositories did not significantly reduce spasm incidence.

Keywords:
ambulatory surgeriesbladder spasmcystoscopyurology

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Surgical Complications

Background:

  • Bladder spasms frequently complicate cystoscopic urologic procedures.
  • Identifying incidence and risk factors is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of bladder spasms after ambulatory cystoscopic urologic procedures.
  • To identify clinical risk factors associated with postoperative bladder spasms.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 2,671 adult patients undergoing urologic procedures.
  • Bladder spasm defined by antispasmodic therapy administration.
  • Multivariable analyses to assess risk factors and prophylaxis effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of bladder spasm was 34.3% (343 per 1,000 procedures).
  • Risk factors included younger age (<60), longer (>45 min), and complex procedures.
  • Transurethral resection of bladder tumor and prostate had higher spasm risk.
  • Belladonna and opium suppositories (B&O) prophylaxis showed no significant association with reduced spasms.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder spasms are a common complication of ambulatory urologic procedures.
  • Procedure length and complexity are significant risk factors.
  • Current prophylaxis with B&O suppositories did not demonstrate a significant reduction in spasm rates.