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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Quantification of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate-based Micro- and Nano-plastics from Soil Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Towards a fast and generalized microplastic quantification method in soil using terahertz spectroscopy.

Shutao Zhao1, Yahui Zhang2, Zhengjun Qiu2

  • 1Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new terahertz spectroscopy method accurately quantifies microplastics in soil, outperforming near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This rapid technique bridges the gap between standard polymers and real-world household microplastics, offering improved generalizability for soil microplastic analysis.

Keywords:
Machine learningMicroplastic concentrationNear-infrared spectroscopySoilTerahertz spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of microplastics in soil is crucial for environmental monitoring.
  • Existing rapid quantification methods struggle with the variability between laboratory standards and real-world microplastics.
  • There is a need for harmonized, efficient, and generalizable methods for soil microplastic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare terahertz (THz) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for rapid microplastic quantification in soil.
  • To develop a generalizable method that accounts for the differences between standard polymers and household microplastics.
  • To evaluate the accuracy, efficiency, and detection limits of THz and NIR spectroscopy for soil microplastic analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Soil samples were spiked with standard polymers (polyvinyl chloride [PVC] and polystyrene [PS]) and additive-containing household microplastics at concentrations from 0.5% to 10%.
  • THz (0.6-1.67 THz) and NIR (950-1660 nm) spectroscopy were employed.
  • Various spectral preprocessing methods and machine learning algorithms were tested, with models trained on standard samples and validated on household samples.

Main Results:

  • The proposed THz method (Wdenosie_PLSR) showed minimal increase in prediction error (RMSE) when transferred from standard to household samples (0.4% for PVC, 0.19% for PS).
  • The NIR method exhibited higher prediction error increases (1.49% for PVC, 1.16% for PS) under the same transfer conditions.
  • The THz method achieved a lower detection limit (around 1.12%) compared to the NIR method (around 3.24%).

Conclusions:

  • Terahertz spectroscopy offers superior accuracy and generalizability for quantifying microplastics in soil compared to NIR spectroscopy.
  • The developed THz method effectively bridges the gap between standard polymers and complex household microplastics in soil matrices.
  • The study proposes using MMD heatmap for diagnosing spectral preprocessing methods to enhance overall method efficiency in microplastic analysis.