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Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

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Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Diuretics are antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension resulting from sodium and water retention. Sodium, vital for fluid balance and nerve or muscle function, is regulated by the kidneys through millions of nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via afferent arterioles, which branch into capillaries called glomeruli. These filter blood plasma, allowing water and solutes, like sodium ions, to pass through capillary walls into Bowman's capsule. The filtrate then flows through various...
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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
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What Dermatologists Should Know About Thiazides.

J M Llamas-Molina1, F J Navarro-Triviño2, R Ruiz-Villaverde1

  • 1Servicio de Dermatología. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Departamento de Eczema de Contacto e Inmunoalergia, Granada, España.

Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and other thiazide diuretics can cause photosensitivity and increase skin cancer risk with long-term use. This review examines these and other rare adverse effects associated with thiazide diuretics.

Keywords:
Cáncer cutáneoFotosensibilidadHidroclorotiazidaHydrochlorothiazidePhotosensitivitySkin cancerThiazidesTiazidas

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, are widely prescribed for hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
  • These medications are known to cause photosensitivity, presenting with varied clinical symptoms and recovery patterns.
  • Emerging evidence links long-term hydrochlorothiazide use to a dose-dependent increase in skin cancer risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known adverse effects of thiazide diuretics.
  • To highlight the association between hydrochlorothiazide and photosensitivity and skin cancer.
  • To discuss less common or rarely reported adverse effects of thiazide diuretics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies and case reports on thiazide diuretic adverse effects.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods for thiazide-induced photosensitivity, including phototesting and skin biopsy.
  • Examination of epidemiological data linking hydrochlorothiazide use to skin cancer risk.

Main Results:

  • Photosensitivity is a recognized side effect of thiazides, requiring careful diagnosis.
  • Long-term hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of skin cancers.
  • Isolated reports describe other uncommon adverse effects of thiazide diuretics.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers should be aware of the photosensitivity and skin cancer risks associated with thiazide diuretics.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of photosensitivity are crucial.
  • Further research into the mechanisms and management of these adverse effects is warranted.