Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

390
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
390
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

95
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
95

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Support Science by Publishing in Scientific Society Journals.

mBio·2017
Same author

Lipids Affect the Cryptococcus neoformans-Macrophage Interaction and Promote Nonlytic Exocytosis.

Infection and immunity·2017
Same author

Forensic bitemark identification: weak foundations, exaggerated claims.

Journal of law and the biosciences·2017
Same author

Correction: Macrophage Mitochondrial and Stress Response to Ingestion of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2017
Same author

Microbial melanins for radioprotection and bioremediation.

Microbial biotechnology·2017
Same author

Don't Forget the Fungi When Considering Global Catastrophic Biorisks.

Health security·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins
06:58

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins

Published on: May 27, 2019

6.7K

Lyophilization induces physicochemical alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide.

Maggie P Wear1, Audra A Hargett2, John E Kelly3

  • 1W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|June 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Lyophilization alters microbial polysaccharides like Cryptococcus neoformans exopolysaccharide (EPS), affecting their structure and antibody binding. Caution is advised when analyzing lyophilized EPS for biological and immunological properties.

Keywords:
CryptococcusDLSExopolysaccharideLyophilizationNMRTEM

More Related Videos

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

23.7K
A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients
11:27

A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients

Published on: August 9, 2022

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins
06:58

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins

Published on: May 27, 2019

6.7K
Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

23.7K
A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients
11:27

A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients

Published on: August 9, 2022

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Microbial polysaccharide characterization often involves purification steps such as lyophilization.
  • Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, is a common technique for preserving biological materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physicochemical changes in Cryptococcus neoformans exopolysaccharide (EPS) after lyophilization.
  • To assess the impact of lyophilization on the structural integrity and antigenicity of C. neoformans EPS.

Main Methods:

  • Solution and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C).
  • Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
  • Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
  • Monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding assays.

Main Results:

  • Lyophilization caused significant anomeric signal attenuation in solution ¹H NMR, indicating diminished molecular motion.
  • Solid-state NMR showed minimal changes, suggesting molecular broadening rather than structural loss.
  • DLS and TEM revealed that lyophilized EPS formed larger, disordered aggregates compared to the native, loosely packed assemblies.
  • Monoclonal antibody binding to C. neoformans polysaccharide was significantly reduced after lyophilization.

Conclusions:

  • Lyophilization induces substantial physicochemical alterations in C. neoformans EPS, including aggregation and reduced molecular mobility.
  • These structural changes negatively impact the binding of specific antibodies to the polysaccharide.
  • Researchers should exercise caution when interpreting immunological and biological data from lyophilized polysaccharides.