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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

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Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation....
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia
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Collateral Blood Flow and Ischemic Core Growth.

Kimberly Seifert1, Jeremy J Heit2,3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Translational Stroke Research
|June 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Collateral blood flow significantly impacts ischemic stroke progression. Imaging collaterals can predict brain tissue survival during treatment delays, guiding transfer decisions for endovascular therapy.

Keywords:
CollateralsGrowthIschemic corePerfusionStroke

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Last Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Acute ischemic stroke treatment emphasizes rapid vessel recanalization, with endovascular thrombectomy offering favorable outcomes.
  • Patients often require transfer to comprehensive stroke centers due to delays in accessing neurointerventional surgeons.
  • Mitigating ischemic core growth is crucial for preserving salvageable brain tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of collateral blood flow in ischemic stroke.
  • To explore how collateral circulation influences ischemic core expansion.
  • To discuss imaging techniques for assessing collaterals and predicting stroke progression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke.
  • Analysis of the relationship between collateral status and ischemic core growth.
  • Discussion of imaging modalities used to visualize collateral pathways.

Main Results:

  • Collateral blood flow is the primary determinant of ischemic core progression.
  • Collateral status at arterial, tissue, and venous levels impacts brain tissue survival.
  • Imaging collaterals can predict stroke evolution and guide treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Collateral blood flow assessment is vital for managing acute ischemic stroke.
  • Imaging techniques can identify patients who will benefit from transfer and endovascular therapy.
  • Understanding collaterals aids in optimizing treatment strategies and resource allocation.