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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
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Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

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Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
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Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

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Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning.

Beatriz Eymi Pimentel Mizusaki1,2,3, Sally Si Ying Li1, Rui Ponte Costa3,4,5

  • 1Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Programme, Departments of Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Plos Computational Biology
|June 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Synaptic plasticity, crucial for learning, can occur pre- or postsynaptically. This study shows presynaptic changes speed learning, while postsynaptic changes regulate firing, highlighting distinct roles in neuronal function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Long-term synaptic plasticity, essential for learning and memory, exhibits diverse expression patterns (presynaptic vs. postsynaptic).
  • The functional impact of these distinct expression sites remains incompletely understood, particularly in computational models.
  • Current models often simplify plasticity to postsynaptic changes, potentially introducing bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional consequences of diverse long-term synaptic plasticity expression mechanisms.
  • To compare pre-, post-, and mixed-site expression of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in computational models.
  • To explore how different expression sites influence learning dynamics and neuronal output.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted a spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) model for independent pre-, post-, or mixed-site expression.
  • Compared standard pair-based STDP with a biologically tuned triplet STDP model.
  • Investigated learning outcomes under two schemes: differing input latencies and temporally correlated inputs.

Main Results:

  • Presynaptic plasticity accelerated learning speed.
  • Postsynaptic plasticity enhanced regulation of spike timing and frequency.
  • Combined expression amplified response range and provided homeostatic control of firing rates.

Conclusions:

  • Pre- and postsynaptic plasticity expression are not interchangeable; they serve complementary functions.
  • Implementing plasticity solely as postsynaptic weight changes can introduce bias in computational models.
  • Understanding the locus of plasticity is critical for accurate modeling of neuronal learning and network dynamics.