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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Passive In-Line Chlorination for Drinking Water Disinfection: A Critical Review.

Megan Lindmark¹, Katya Cherukumilli², Yoshika S Crider^3,4,5

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1396, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology

|June 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Passive chlorinators offer a low-burden solution for safely managed drinking water, crucial for meeting global water access goals. Research priorities include supply chains, business models, remote monitoring, and handpump compatibility for wider adoption.

Keywords:

chlorine disinfection drinking water treatment low- and middle-income countries passive in-line chlorination resource-constrained settings safely managed water supply

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Published on: August 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Environmental Engineering
Public Health
Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

Global progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 (universal access to safely managed drinking water) is insufficient.
Passive chlorination, or in-line chlorination, provides a method for disinfecting drinking water at the point of collection (POC) without daily user input or electricity.
This approach contrasts with point-of-use (POU) manual chlorination, offering reduced user burden and scalability for communities and municipalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness and deployment of passive chlorinators.
To identify research priorities and propose standardized reporting indicators for passive chlorinator evaluations.
To assess the potential of passive chlorinators in achieving safely managed drinking water standards.

Main Methods:

A systematic review of 27 evaluations of passive chlorinators from 16 countries.
Data sources included 19 articles, 3 NGO reports, and 5 theses.
Evaluations covered diverse settings: communities, schools, healthcare facilities, and refugee camps.

Main Results:

Of 27 identified passive chlorinators, 22 were solid tablet/granular dosers, and 5 were liquid dosers.
Key research priorities identified: strengthening local chlorine supply chains, validating business models, implementing remote monitoring, and developing handpump-compatible designs.
Proposed standardized reporting indicators for technical performance and financial sustainability.

Conclusions:

Passive chlorinators, when deployed and managed at scale, can significantly improve drinking water quality to meet 'safely managed' criteria.
Addressing research priorities is crucial for overcoming barriers to widespread adoption.
While effective for microbial contaminants, limitations of chlorine disinfection and the need to address chemical contamination are acknowledged.