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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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COVID-19 and liver disease.

Jean-François Dufour1, Thomas Marjot2,3, Chiara Becchetti4,5

  • 1Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland jf.dufour@svmed.ch.

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COVID-19 significantly impacts patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), especially cirrhosis, increasing severe illness risk. Liver transplantation (LT) recipients may have impaired vaccine immunity, suggesting adjusted vaccination schedules.

Keywords:
COVID-19cirrhosisliver transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) and its effects on liver diseases has grown substantially during the pandemic.
  • COVID-19 presents unique challenges for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), including cirrhosis and liver transplant (LT) recipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review COVID-19 liver manifestations and pathophysiology in patients with and without liver disease.
  • To assess the impact of COVID-19 on patients with CLD, focusing on cirrhosis and LT.
  • To evaluate vaccine efficacy and therapeutic options in special populations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current literature on COVID-19 and liver disease.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to liver abnormalities.
  • Evaluation of clinical outcomes and risk factors in CLD and LT patients with COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to a proinflammatory cytokine profile, contributing to liver abnormalities.
  • Decompensated cirrhosis is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 and mortality.
  • Liver transplantation itself was not a risk factor for worse COVID-19 outcomes, though donation and recipient infection were concerns.
  • COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity appears diminished in CLD and LT recipients.

Conclusions:

  • CLD, particularly decompensated cirrhosis, increases the risk of severe COVID-19.
  • LT recipients may benefit from COVID-19 specific therapies, and their vaccine response is impaired, necessitating revised vaccination strategies.