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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

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The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: causes and consequences.

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  • 1Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) involves complex causes and varied treatments. New therapies are emerging for difficult-to-treat forms, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemiacold agglutinin diseasecomplement systemdirect antiglobulin testinfectionmonocyte/macrophage systemrituximabthrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is classified into warm and cold forms, primary or secondary, based on DAT and autoantibody characteristics.
  • AIHA pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and miscellaneous factors leading to immune tolerance breakdown.
  • Mechanisms include autoantibody production, complement activation, and phagocytosis, with bone marrow compensation playing a role in hemolysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, pathogenesis, and management of AIHA.
  • To highlight emerging therapeutic strategies and unmet needs in AIHA treatment.
  • To discuss complications and quality of life impacts in AIHA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on AIHA classification and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of established and novel therapeutic approaches for warm and cold AIHA.
  • Discussion of diagnostic refinements and emerging drug targets.

Main Results:

  • Standard treatments involve steroids and rituximab, with specific protocols for warm and cold AIHA.
  • New drugs targeting B-cells, complement, and phagocytosis are in clinical trials.
  • Mixed and DAT-negative AIHA represent an unmet need, driving research for novel therapies.

Conclusions:

  • AIHA management is evolving with better understanding of mechanisms and new targeted therapies.
  • Addressing mixed and DAT-negative AIHA is crucial for improving patient care.
  • Ongoing research promises improved treatment options and outcomes for AIHA patients.