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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Teratogenicity01:07

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

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The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
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Vaccinations in pregnancy.

Alexandra Cairns1,2,3, Jennifer Hogan1,2,3, Lucy Mackillop1,2,3

  • 1, Subspecialty Trainee in Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared.

Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
|June 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccinations during pregnancy are safe and effective, significantly reducing severe illness and death from infections like COVID-19 and influenza. Clinical evidence confirms benefits outweigh risks, guiding antenatal vaccination decisions for maternal and infant health.

Keywords:
attenuated vaccinesfetal immunitylive vaccinesmaternal vaccinationvaccination during pregnancyvaccine risks

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Infectious Disease Prevention
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Vaccinations offer cost-effective disease prevention, with specific recommendations for maternal benefit and preventing fetal/neonatal infections.
  • During the COVID-19 pandemic, unvaccinated pregnant women constituted over 80% of critical care admissions across multiple countries.
  • Historical data (H1N1 epidemic) indicates a significant proportion of maternal deaths were preventable with influenza vaccination in pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide clinical decisions regarding antenatal vaccination by balancing maternal and fetal risks and benefits.
  • To review commonly used vaccines during pregnancy and present current UK guidelines.
  • To address theoretical concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems regarding COVID-19 admissions.
  • Review of the MBRRACE-UK 2014 report concerning the H1N1 epidemic and maternal mortality.
  • Synthesis of clinical evidence and theoretical considerations for antenatal vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Over 80% of pregnant women in critical care during the COVID-19 pandemic were unvaccinated (98% in the UK).
  • Over half of maternal deaths during the H1N1 epidemic could have been prevented by influenza vaccination during pregnancy.
  • Theoretical concerns about fetal adverse effects and lack of efficacy are generally not supported by clinical evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Antenatal vaccination decisions should be based on a careful risk-benefit assessment for both mother and fetus.
  • Live attenuated vaccines remain contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal infection.
  • Ongoing research aims to expand the range of vaccines available for infections detrimental to pregnant women and infants.