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Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

Elastic Collisions: Case Study

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Types Of Collisions - I01:04

Types Of Collisions - I

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When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
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Force Vector along a Line01:26

Force Vector along a Line

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Quite often in three-dimensional statics problems, the direction of a force is specified by two points through which its line of action passes. Consider a three-dimensional static pole with a cable anchored to the ground.
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Conservation of Declining Populations02:07

Conservation of Declining Populations

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Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

Elastic Collisions: Introduction

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An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

A Magnetic Tether System to Investigate Visual and Olfactory Mediated Flight Control in Drosophila
09:27

A Magnetic Tether System to Investigate Visual and Olfactory Mediated Flight Control in Drosophila

Published on: November 21, 2008

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Birds both avoid and control collisions by harnessing visually guided force vectoring.

Diana D Chin1, David Lentink1,2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|June 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pacific parrotlets skillfully navigate obstacles using leg and wing adjustments. This study reveals how birds harness drag for precise aerial maneuvering, offering insights into flight evolution.

Keywords:
bird flightdrag-based flightforce vectoringobstacle avoidancevisual control

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Area of Science:

  • Avian biomechanics and locomotion.
  • Evolutionary biology and flight dynamics.

Background:

  • Birds navigate complex environments, requiring sophisticated maneuvering skills.
  • Understanding how birds avoid obstacles is crucial for comprehending flight capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Pacific parrotlets avoid horizontal obstacles during flight.
  • To elucidate the aerodynamic mechanisms birds employ for rapid aerial maneuvering.

Main Methods:

  • Observing and measuring the flight paths and body movements of foraging Pacific parrotlets.
  • Analyzing aerodynamic force vectoring, including body pitch and stroke plane adjustments.

Main Results:

  • Birds utilize visual cues to redirect forces using legs and wings to circumvent obstacles.
  • Aerodynamic force vectoring is achieved through beat-by-beat adjustments of body pitch, stroke plane angle, and lift-to-drag ratios.
  • A significant range of motion (approx. 100°) relative to the horizontal plane was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Drag plays a key role in avian force vectoring, challenging previous assumptions about stroke plane and body angle correlations.
  • This research provides new mechanistic insights into avian maneuvering capabilities.
  • The findings suggest that harnessing drag may have been significant in the evolution of avian flight.