Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Angina II: Classification01:27

Angina II: Classification

37
Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...
37
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

3.2K
The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid...
3.2K
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

7.0K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
7.0K
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

35
IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
35
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles01:30

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

1.1K
A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
1.1K
The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

4.3K
Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Visualization of the thoracic sympathetic chain in MLS embalmed body donors: a feasibility study and surgical perspective.

Journal of thoracic disease·2026
Same author

Robotic-Assisted Thoracic Surgery in the Immunotherapy Era: Navigating Altered Anatomy, Oncologic Precision, and the Future of Integrated Platforms.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

The small distractor-a useful tool for the trauma surgeon.

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie·2026
Same author

Comments on: "Chest Wall Injury Society guidelines for surgical stabilization of rib fractures: Indications, contraindications, and timing" by Bauman et al.

The journal of trauma and acute care surgery·2026
Same author

Biomechanical Analysis of Standard Locking Compression Plate versus Dual Minifragment Locking Plates in Ulna Shaft Fracture Fixation: A Human Cadaveric Study.

The Journal of hand surgery·2026
Same author

Current advances in mediastinal staging for non-small cell lung cancer: a narrative review.

Translational lung cancer research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Surgical Fixation of Sternal Fractures: Preoperative Planning and a Safe Surgical Technique Using Locked Titanium Plates and Depth Limited Drilling
15:11

Surgical Fixation of Sternal Fractures: Preoperative Planning and a Safe Surgical Technique Using Locked Titanium Plates and Depth Limited Drilling

Published on: January 5, 2015

64.0K

Validation of the modified AO sternum classification system.

Fabrizio Minervini1, Nicole M van Veelen2, Bryan J M Van de Wall2,3

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Spitalstrasse 6000 Lucerne 16, Lucerne, Switzerland. fabriziominervini@hotmail.com.

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology : Orthopedie Traumatologie
|June 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Modifications to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) / Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) sternal fracture classification improved reliability. The revised AO/OTA classification now demonstrates moderate to substantial agreement for surgeons assessing sternal fractures.

Keywords:
AO classificationFracture classificationSternal fractureSternum

More Related Videos

Technique and Patient Selection Criteria of Right Anterior Mini-Thoracotomy for Minimal Access Aortic Valve Replacement
08:50

Technique and Patient Selection Criteria of Right Anterior Mini-Thoracotomy for Minimal Access Aortic Valve Replacement

Published on: March 26, 2018

11.8K
Modified Octopus Technique for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm
04:56

Modified Octopus Technique for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Published on: August 1, 2025

95

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Surgical Fixation of Sternal Fractures: Preoperative Planning and a Safe Surgical Technique Using Locked Titanium Plates and Depth Limited Drilling
15:11

Surgical Fixation of Sternal Fractures: Preoperative Planning and a Safe Surgical Technique Using Locked Titanium Plates and Depth Limited Drilling

Published on: January 5, 2015

64.0K
Technique and Patient Selection Criteria of Right Anterior Mini-Thoracotomy for Minimal Access Aortic Valve Replacement
08:50

Technique and Patient Selection Criteria of Right Anterior Mini-Thoracotomy for Minimal Access Aortic Valve Replacement

Published on: March 26, 2018

11.8K
Modified Octopus Technique for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm
04:56

Modified Octopus Technique for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Published on: August 1, 2025

95

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Trauma classification systems
  • Radiographic assessment

Background:

  • The 2018 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) / Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) sternal fracture classification aimed for uniformity.
  • Previous validation revealed issues with differentiating fracture types and localizing sternal fractures.
  • Moderate inter- and intra-observer variability necessitated classification modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate inter- and intra-observer variability of the AO/OTA sternal fracture classification after proposed modifications.
  • To test the hypothesis that modifications would significantly improve classification reliability.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty sternal fracture CT scans were independently reviewed by junior and senior surgeons.
  • Two assessment sessions were conducted with a 6-week interval.
  • Kappa (K) values were calculated to measure inter- and intra-observer variability.

Main Results:

  • Overall inter-observer variability improved significantly, with mean kappa increasing from 0.364 to 0.468 (p < 0.001).
  • Inter-observer variability for fracture location and type showed moderate agreement (mean K=0.573 and K=0.441, respectively).
  • Intra-observer variability demonstrated substantial agreement (mean K=0.703), a significant improvement from the previous study (mean K=0.414, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • The modified AO/OTA sternal fracture classification shows improved inter- and intra-observer variability.
  • The revised classification achieves moderate to substantial agreement among surgeons.
  • These enhancements increase the clinical utility of the AO/OTA sternal fracture classification system.