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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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Controlled Human Infection Challenge Studies with RSV.

Pete Dayananda1, Christopher Chiu2, Peter Openshaw3

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|June 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Human challenge studies accelerate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and antiviral development by mimicking natural infection. These models reveal immune defects, aiding the creation of effective RSV therapies, especially for high-risk groups.

Keywords:
Human challengeImmunityInfectionRSVRespiratoryVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses significant health challenges, particularly in high-risk populations, with ongoing efforts to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics.
  • Development of RSV vaccines is hindered by the virus's complex immunobiology and the absence of clear immunological correlates of protection, necessitating large, expensive clinical trials.
  • Human challenge studies offer a controlled method to assess vaccine and antiviral efficacy and understand protective immunity against RSV, bridging preclinical research and large-scale trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of human RSV infection challenge models in advancing the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
  • To explore how these models can improve our understanding of RSV immunobiology and protective immunity.
  • To discuss the ethical, logistical, and practical considerations for implementing human challenge studies, including in at-risk populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and contemporary human RSV infection challenge studies.
  • Analysis of insights gained from experimentally infected adult and older adult populations.
  • Discussion of technological advancements enabling detailed investigation of mucosal immunity.

Main Results:

  • Human challenge studies have demonstrated the potential efficacy of vaccines and antivirals against RSV.
  • These models have identified defects in humoral and CD8+ T cell immunity, potentially explaining susceptibility to recurrent RSV infections.
  • Advancements allow for more sophisticated investigations into mucosal immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Human RSV infection challenge models are valuable tools for streamlining and accelerating the development of novel RSV vaccines and antivirals.
  • These studies provide critical insights into RSV immunobiology and host responses, informing therapeutic and vaccine design.
  • Future applications may extend to include relevant at-risk populations, further optimizing agent development.