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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tgfli:EGFP Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Precision Medicine in Diabetes.

Adem Y Dawed1, Eram Haider1, Ewan R Pearson2

  • 1Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|June 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precision medicine tailors treatments for type 2 diabetes using clinical and genomic markers. Identifying these markers can optimize drug responses and minimize adverse effects for individual patients.

Keywords:
Adverse drug outcomesGenomicsGlycaemic responsePrecision medicineType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibits significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation, progression, complications, and drug response.
  • Current T2D drug treatments rely on average effects from clinical trials, leading to suboptimal glycaemic control and adverse outcomes in many patients.
  • There is a critical need for predictive markers to guide differential drug prescribing and personalize T2D management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence for clinical and genetic markers in optimizing drug treatment for type 2 diabetes.
  • To explore the potential of precision medicine in identifying patient subgroups likely to benefit from specific therapies with reduced adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in molecular genetics.
  • Analysis of real-world and randomized trial data.
  • Integration of clinical features (age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, co-medications) and genomic markers.

Main Results:

  • Emerging understanding of T2D heterogeneity and its impact on treatment efficacy.
  • Potential for identifying patient subgroups through combined clinical and genomic data.
  • Discovery of predictive markers to guide personalized drug selection.

Conclusions:

  • Precision medicine offers a promising approach to personalize type 2 diabetes treatment.
  • Clinical and genomic markers are key to optimizing drug therapy and improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research into predictive markers can enhance the effectiveness and safety of T2D management.