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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Manuel de la Torre1, Paloma Sangro1, Delia D Avola1

  • 1Hepatología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra.

Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas
|June 15, 2022
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Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treatments targeting immune checkpoints show promise but can cause side effects. Early diagnosis and management of immune-related adverse events are crucial, especially in cirrhotic patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent cancer with limited advanced-stage treatment options.
  • Advances in understanding the tumor microenvironment and immune system have led to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies.
  • ICIs demonstrate encouraging response rates and survival benefits in HCC patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • To highlight the challenges in managing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in cirrhotic patients.
  • To identify patient profiles who may benefit most from these novel therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ICI therapy for advanced HCC.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data regarding response rates and survival outcomes.
  • Discussion of irAEs and their management strategies, particularly in the context of liver cirrhosis.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer significant survival advantages for advanced HCC.
  • A notable percentage of patients (up to 20%) experience irAEs due to non-specific immune stimulation.
  • Early detection and management of irAEs are critical but challenging in cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a significant advancement in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Careful monitoring and prompt management of irAEs are essential for patient safety and treatment success.
  • Further research is needed to personalize ICI therapy and optimize outcomes for HCC patients.