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Toluene metabolism during exposure to varying concentrations combined with exercise
Abstract:
The urinary excretion of hippuric acid (HA) and ortho-cresol (O-cr) in man was measured in two studies of 7-h exposure to toluene in a climate chamber, either constant concentration of 100 ppm or varying concentrations containing peaks of 300 ppm but with a time-weighted average of 100 ppm. In Study A, four males were exposed to clean air and to constant and varying concentrations of toluene in combination with rest and with 100 W exercise in 140 min. Exercise increased end exposure excretion rate of HA and O-cr by 47 and 114%, respectively. After exposure, all excess HA was excreted within 4 h, while O-cr was eliminated with a half life of about 3 h. Alveolar air concentration of toluene varied between 21 and 31 ppm during constant exposure and between 13 and 57 ppm during varying exposure, but no difference in mean alveolar toluene concentration or in metabolite excretion was seen between the exposure schedules. In Study B, 32 males and 39 females aged between 31 and 50 years were exposed once to either clean air, constant or varying concentrations of toluene. Background excretion rate of HA was 0.97 +/- 0.75 mg/min (1.25 +/- 1.05 g/g creatinine) and rose to 3.74 +/- 1.40 mg/min (3.90 +/- 1.85 g/g cr) during the last 3 h of exposure to 100 ppm toluene. The corresponding figures for O-cr were 0.05 +/- 0.05 micrograms/min (0.08 +/- 0.14 mg/g cr), and 2.04 +/- 0.84 micrograms/min (2.05 +/- 1.18 mg/g cr). The individual creatinine excretion rate was considerably influenced by sex, body weight and smoking habits, thus influencing the metabolite concentration standardised in relation to creatinine. It is concluded that both metabolites are estimates of toluene exposure. O-cr is more specific than HA, but the individual variation in excretion of both metabolites is large, and when implementing either of them as biological exposure indices, the influence of sex, body size, age as well as consumption of tobacco and alcohol has to be considered.