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Related Concept Videos

Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensation01:21

Sensation

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Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
Absolute thresholds can quantify the sensitivity of sensory...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
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Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals
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When the brain feels the bugs.

Kai Markus Schneider1, Christoph A Thaiss1

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Summary
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The gut microbiome influences brain function. Researchers found hypothalamic neurons recognize microbial molecules, impacting appetite and body temperature regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The gut microbiome's role in modulating brain function is established, yet specific gut-brain communication pathways are not fully understood.
  • Microbial metabolites are known to influence host physiology, but direct neuronal recognition mechanisms are largely unelucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes communicate with the brain.
  • To identify specific neuronal populations and microbial components involved in gut-brain signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models and advanced molecular biology techniques.
  • Investigated the expression of pattern recognition receptors in hypothalamic neurons.
  • Analyzed the effects of microbial muropeptides on neuronal activity and host behavior.

Main Results:

  • Hypothalamic GABAergic neurons were found to express NOD2, a pattern recognition receptor.
  • These neurons directly recognize microbial muropeptides, bacterial cell wall components.
  • NOD2 activation in these neurons led to decreased neuronal activity, reduced appetite, and altered thermoregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbial muropeptides are directly sensed by hypothalamic GABAergic neurons via NOD2.
  • This microbial recognition pathway directly influences appetite and thermoregulation, highlighting a novel gut-brain communication axis.