Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
Published on: April 23, 2014
Validation of the Italian version of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25-I)
Emanuele Fino1, Paolo Iliceto2, Antonino Carcione3
1NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
Introduction:
The present study aimed to adapt the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire to the Italian context (HQ-25-I) and to test its psychometric properties in two samples, particularly a sample of residents with psychiatric conditions (n = 117) and a sample of individuals from the community (n = 209).
Methods:
We tested the fit of the original three-factor structure (Socialization, Isolation, and Emotional Support) and measurement invariance across the two groups, and the reliability, convergent, and criterion (concurrent) validity of the HQ-25-I.
Results:
The results showed that the original measurement model fitted the data well and that it was invariant across the two groups. The measure was reliable and positively correlated with some maladaptive personality trait domains (PID-5-BF), Depression (BDI-II), and Hopelessness (BHS) in both groups, with higher scores observed in the clinical sample. However, low correlations were found between the HQ-25-I and the PID-5-BF Detachment and Negative Affectivity.
Conclusions:
The results from the study showed that the HQ-25-I is reliable, but further examination of its validity is warranted. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Self-Report Tests of Personality
Reliability and Validity
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System II: Health Perception Pattern
Health Perception Patterns
Health perception patterns offer valuable insights into a patient's lifestyle habits and how they may impact their GI health. These patterns include:
Test for Homogeneity
Survey Safety
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...

