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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Beamshaping for infrared hyperspectral imaging: a sequential optimization for infrared source coupling.

Mohammad Azizian Kalkhoran, A Douglas Winter, Gianfelice Cinque

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    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a novel adaptive optics system using deformable mirrors (DM) to improve infrared (IR) source coupling in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. This enhances hyperspectral image fidelity by optimizing light throughput without compromising spectral resolution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Microscopy

    Background:

    • Focal plane array (FPA) detectors have advanced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy into a powerful hyperspectral imaging technique.
    • Image fidelity in FTIR microspectroscopy is limited by source flux distribution across FPA pixels and beam collimation requirements that reduce flux for high étendue sources.
    • Optimizing light coupling is crucial for maximizing the performance of FTIR microspectroscopy systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To implement a sensorless adaptive optics system using two deformable mirrors (DM) for improved infrared (IR) source coupling in FTIR microspectroscopy.
    • To individually optimize each DM for beam intensity and ray direction, thereby enhancing light throughput.
    • To maintain spectral quality across the mid-IR range while increasing overall system performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a two-deformable mirror (DM) sensorless adaptive optics system.
    • Individual optimization of DM deflection shapes to manage beam intensity and ray direction separately.
    • Application of stochastic parallel gradient descent optimization algorithms with a focus on metric selection for sequential optimization.
    • Evaluation of the system's performance with a state-of-the-art FTIR microscope.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed adaptive optics system effectively optimizes IR source coupling for FTIR microspectroscopy.
    • Individual DM control allows for separate management of beam intensity and ray direction, enhancing throughput.
    • Spectral quality is preserved across the mid-IR range, ensuring reliable hyperspectral data acquisition.
    • The system demonstrates significant improvements in light coupling efficiency compared to conventional methods.

    Conclusions:

    • Sensorless adaptive optics with dual deformable mirrors offers a viable solution to enhance light throughput in FTIR microspectroscopy.
    • This approach overcomes the limitations of flux division in FPA detectors and collimation requirements.
    • The developed system maintains spectral integrity, paving the way for higher fidelity hyperspectral imaging.