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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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High temperature superradiant phase transition in quantum structures with a complex network interface.

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    This study introduces a new quantum material concept for superstrong light-matter interactions in complex networks. It demonstrates enhanced Rabi frequencies and high-temperature phase transitions for quantum information processing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum physics
    • Materials science
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Superradiance and strong light-matter interactions are crucial for quantum technologies.
    • Understanding network topology's role in quantum phenomena is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel quantum material concept for enhanced light-matter interactions.
    • To investigate superradiance and phase transitions in complex networks.
    • To explore the impact of network topology on quantum phenomena.

    Main Methods:

    • Mean field approximation to study phase transitions.
    • Analysis of network statistical properties (node degree distribution moments).
    • Characterization of matter-field interaction in multichannel systems.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a novel quantum material concept enabling super/ultrastrong light-matter interaction.
    • Observed phase transition to superradiance with two polariton branches.
    • Showcased significant Rabi frequency enhancement due to network topology.
    • Identified high-temperature phase transition behavior driven by multichannel interaction.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed quantum material concept facilitates superstrong coupling and high-temperature phase transitions.
    • Network topology significantly enhances quantum interactions.
    • This work enables new photonic and polaritonic circuits for quantum information processing at room temperatures.