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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

251
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
251
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

269
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
269
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

4.0K
Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

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Modifying insulin to improve performance.

Nai-Pin Lin1, Danny Hung-Chieh Chou1

  • 1Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precise modifications to insulin platforms can enhance drug functionality. This advancement holds potential for improved therapeutic outcomes in diabetes management.

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An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

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An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Insulin is a critical hormone for glucose regulation.
  • Current insulin formulations have limitations in pharmacokinetic profiles.
  • Enhancing insulin functionality is a key goal in diabetes therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel platform for precise insulin modification.
  • To investigate the potential of this platform in improving insulin drug functionality.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a targeted modification platform for insulin.
  • In vitro and in vivo testing of modified insulin properties.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated ability to precisely alter insulin structure.
  • Observed improvements in insulin stability and activity.
  • Potential for tailored pharmacokinetic profiles.

Conclusions:

  • A platform for precise insulin modification shows promise.
  • This approach could lead to improved insulin-based therapeutics.
  • Further research is warranted to explore clinical applications.