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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

3.4K
Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
3.4K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.5K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.5K
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

8.5K
Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
8.5K
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

18.0K
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
18.0K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

6.4K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
6.4K

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Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

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The Nitrogen Mustards.

Martin S Highley1, Bart Landuyt2, Hans Prenen2

  • 1Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.) Martin.Highley@nhs.net.

Pharmacological Reviews
|June 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrogen mustards are vital chemotherapy drugs for various cancers and autoimmune diseases. Ongoing research explores new derivatives and combinations to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity, evolving their therapeutic role.

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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
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Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Nitrogen mustards are established cytotoxic and lymphoablative agents used for over 60 years in treating cancers and hematologic malignancies.
  • Cyclophosphamide, a key nitrogen mustard, is also used in stem cell transplantation and autoimmune disease therapy, despite significant adverse effects.
  • Understanding nitrogen mustard pharmacokinetics, particularly oxazaphosphorines, is advancing, yet pharmacogenomic insights haven't fully enabled personalized medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established and evolving roles of nitrogen mustards in medicine.
  • To highlight current research directions, including new derivatives, drug combinations, and understanding of non-DNA-damaging mechanisms.
  • To address the ongoing challenges of nitrogen mustard toxicity and the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of nitrogen mustard applications, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action.
  • Analysis of research on cyclophosphamide's immunomodulatory effects, including regulatory T cells and microbiome interactions.
  • Examination of ongoing efforts in developing novel nitrogen mustard analogs and combination therapies.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen mustards remain crucial in treating cancers, sarcomas, and hematologic malignancies, with cyclophosphamide having broader applications.
  • Adverse effects on multiple organs necessitate continued research into toxicity mitigation.
  • Emerging research reveals immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties, alongside DNA damage, expanding their therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen mustards are indispensable therapeutic agents with a continuously evolving clinical role.
  • Further research into pharmacogenomics, novel derivatives, and combination therapies is essential for optimizing efficacy and minimizing toxicity.
  • Understanding the complex mechanisms of action, including immunomodulation and microbiome interactions, will drive future therapeutic advancements.