Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

563
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
563
Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

306
Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
306
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

292
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
292
Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

250
When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
250
Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

223
Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...
223
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

722
Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
722

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Leveraging Psychophysics to Infer the Mechanisms of Encoding Change in Vision.

Computational brain & behavior·2026
Same author

Simulating object recognition with the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) model.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

What Do Patient-Control Studies of Habituation in Anxiety and Stress Disorders Reveal?

Psychophysiology·2026
Same author

Interstimulus interval effects on habituation: A systematic review with theoretical implications.

Psychological bulletin·2026
Same author

Invariant versus context-specific representation of face shape and motion in the face network.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Shape information used for face identity and expression recognition is highly versatile and context specific.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
05:46

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

8.4K

Subsampling of cues in associative learning.

Omar D Perez1,2,3, Edgar H Vogel4,5,6, Sanjay Narasiwodeyar7

  • 1Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
|June 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Human learning involves processing stimuli independently or as configurations. This study shows that adding similar, partially reinforced cues can eliminate summation effects in human predictive learning, suggesting a subsampling rule for complex stimuli.

More Related Videos

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning
11:32

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

3.5K
Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats
06:57

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
05:46

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

8.4K
A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning
11:32

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

3.5K
Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats
06:57

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Learning Science

Background:

  • Learning theories differentiate elemental (independent) and configural (whole) stimulus processing.
  • Summation effects support elemental processing, while lack of summation suggests configural processing.
  • Human summation effects are typically robust and unaffected by stimulus similarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors that can obliterate summation effects in human predictive learning.
  • To explore the role of partially reinforced cues in modulating stimulus processing.
  • To propose an alternative explanation to configural processing for the absence of summation.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments involving human predictive learning tasks.
  • Introduction of partially reinforced cues during training and testing phases.
  • Analysis of summation effects under varying cue similarity and reinforcement schedules.

Main Results:

  • Summation effects were successfully obliterated when partially reinforced cues were added.
  • This obliteration of summation occurred specifically when partially reinforced cues were similar to the reinforced cues.
  • Evidence suggests participants sampled only the most salient cue in a sequential visual search process.

Conclusions:

  • Partial reinforcement and cue similarity can disrupt summation effects in human learning.
  • A formal subsampling rule, rather than configural processing, may explain the lack of summation in certain learning situations.
  • This finding offers a new perspective on how humans process complex or difficult-to-parse stimuli.