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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:13

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

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Skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers, are distinctly elongated, multi-nucleated, slender biological units. They are packed with specialized structures designed to facilitate their primary function, which is contraction.
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
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Extraocular muscle enlargement.

Khizar Rana1,2, Valerie Juniat3,4, Sandy Patel5

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. khizar.rana@adelaide.edu.au.

Graefe'S Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
|June 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extraocular muscle enlargement stems from various orbital and systemic diseases. This review highlights imaging techniques for diagnosing diverse conditions causing muscle enlargement beyond thyroid eye disease.

Keywords:
Computed tomographyExtraocular muscleMagnetic resonance imagingOrbit

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Extraocular muscle enlargement is a sign of various orbital and systemic diseases.
  • Thyroid eye disease is the most common cause, but other conditions also contribute.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an image-rich review of pathologies causing extraocular muscle enlargement.
  • To emphasize the role of imaging in diagnosing these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging findings (CT and MRI) in patients with extraocular muscle enlargement.
  • Correlation of imaging findings with clinical and pathological data.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of diverse causes of extraocular muscle enlargement, including inflammatory, infective, neoplastic, and vascular conditions.
  • Highlighting characteristic imaging features for each pathology.
  • Illustrating the utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating causes.

Conclusions:

  • Extraocular muscle enlargement has a broad differential diagnosis.
  • Imaging is essential for identifying the underlying cause of extraocular muscle enlargement.
  • This review serves as a visual guide for radiologists and clinicians.