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Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas01:18

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When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work, and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its...
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Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, no work is done, and there is no change in internal energy. But, for an adiabatic expansion, work is done, and there is a change in internal energy. During an adiabatic process, the relation between the pressure and volume is obtained from the condition for the adiabatic process, that is, 
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Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an automobile engine when the piston is in its expanded position. The temperature, pressure, and volume of the resulting gas-air mixture are 20 °C, 1.00 x 105 N/m2, and 240 cm3 , respectively. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to a volume of 40 cm3. Note that, in the actual operation of an automobile engine, the compression is not...
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Integrated, Stretched, and Adiabatic Solid Effects.

Yifan Quan1, Jakob Steiner2, Yifu Ouyang1

  • 1Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|June 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new theory for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) using swept microwave pulses, explaining integrated, stretched, and adiabatic solid effects. Experiments show stretched and adiabatic solid effects can be more efficient, especially at high magnetic fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance
  • Quantum Control
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances nuclear spin sensitivity.
  • Existing theories often focus on specific pulse regimes.
  • Understanding DNP mechanisms is crucial for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive theory for DNP under arbitrary frequency-swept microwave pulses.
  • To explain and differentiate between integrated solid effect (ISE), stretched solid effect (SSE), and adiabatic solid effect (ASE).
  • To investigate the efficiency and magnetic field dependence of these DNP processes.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of DNP with frequency-swept microwave pulses.
  • Experimental verification using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • Measurements performed on naphthalene single crystals doped with pentacene-d14 at 9.4 GHz.

Main Results:

  • The developed theory successfully explains ISE, SSE, and ASE.
  • SSE and ASE were found to be potentially more efficient than ISE.
  • Efficiency of SSE is predicted to increase at high magnetic fields with narrow EPR linewidths.

Conclusions:

  • ISE, SSE, and ASE share fundamental physical principles.
  • The study provides a framework for distinguishing these DNP effects.
  • The findings suggest optimized DNP protocols for enhanced sensitivity, particularly at high magnetic fields.