Embracing heterogeneity: Implications for research on stigma, discrimination, and African Americans' health

There has been substantial progress in research on the roles of stigma and discrimination in African Americans' health. Yet, Black-White health disparities persist. Research must, therefore, build on and address the heterogeneity that exists in stigma- and discrimination-related pathways, experiences, interventions, and research methodology. Specifically, research is needed that identifies the unique versus common mechanisms linking various forms of stigma and discrimination with African Americans' health. Moreover, beyond gender, the role of intersectionality in stigma's health effects remains unclear, and interventions are sorely needed that both enhance coping and eliminate the existence of stigma. Finally, experimental designs, though underutilized, hold promise as a method for examining mechanisms, intersectionality, and intervention efficacy.