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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dyadic Neurofeedback for Emotion Regulation: A Proof-of-Concept

Kara L Kerr^1,2, Erin L Ratliff^2,3, Zsofia P Cohen^1,2

¹Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

|June 20, 2022

Summary

Mothers viewing their adolescent daughters' brain activity via real-time fMRI neurofeedback helped reduce emotional distress. This novel dyadic approach shows promise for improving emotion regulation in adolescents.

Keywords:

adolescence dyad emotion regulation fMRI insula neurofeedback parenting

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Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Published on: January 20, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback non-invasively modulates brain activity, showing promise for psychiatric symptom reduction.
Emotion regulation difficulties are common in psychiatric disorders and are critical during adolescence.
The parent-adolescent relationship is crucial for developing emotion regulation skills.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a novel dyadic rt-fMRI neurofeedback protocol where a parent views and influences their adolescent's brain activity.
To assess the feasibility of using a mother's supportive responses to downregulate her adolescent daughter's right anterior insular cortex (aIC) activity.
To explore the potential of dyadic neurofeedback for targeting emotion-related processing.

Main Methods:

A proof-of-concept study involving 6 mother-adolescent dyads (all female).
Adolescents described upsetting situations while mothers viewed real-time fMRI neurofeedback of the adolescent's right aIC.
Mothers provided supportive responses aiming to downregulate the adolescent's aIC activation via communication tools.

Main Results:

A downward trend in mean right aIC activation was observed across the neurofeedback session in adolescents (β = -0.17).
This suggests that maternal guidance during dyadic neurofeedback may help regulate adolescent emotional processing.
The study provides initial evidence for the efficacy of this novel intervention.

Conclusions:

Dyadic rt-fMRI neurofeedback is a promising approach for targeting emotion-related processing in adolescents.
This intervention may offer a new avenue for supporting emotion regulation in parent-adolescent relationships.
Future research should explore applications with therapist-client dyads and further investigate parent-child interventions.