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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Analysis of perceptual errors in skull-base pathology.

Stephen Vong1, Jennifer Chang1, Reza Assadsangabi2

  • 1Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.

The Neuroradiology Journal
|June 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Most skull-base radiology errors are perceptual. Focusing on critical anatomic sites like the sella and occipital bone may reduce these medical errors by up to 60%.

Keywords:
Neuroradiologyquality improvementradiologic errorsskull-base

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroradiology
  • Medical Error Analysis
  • Skull Base Pathology

Background:

  • Medical errors contribute significantly to patient mortality and morbidity.
  • Skull-base pathology presents unique diagnostic challenges in medical imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze skull-base radiology errors at a tertiary institution.
  • To identify common anatomical sites associated with these errors.
  • To propose strategies for reducing diagnostic errors in the skull base.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of a Neuroradiology Quality Assurance Database (2014-2020).
  • Analysis of attending physician errors in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skull-base pathology.
  • Categorization of errors by subcategory (tumor, trauma, vascular, congenital) and anatomical site.

Main Results:

  • Ninety skull-base errors were identified, predominantly perceptual (87%).
  • Common error categories included tumors (55%) and trauma (24%).
  • Key anatomical sites involved in over half of errors were the sella, occipital bone, cerebellopontine angle/internal auditory canal, foramen magnum/clivus, cavernous sinus, and dural venous sinus.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of skull-base errors are perceptual in nature.
  • Targeted review of critical anatomical regions can potentially decrease diagnostic errors.
  • Emphasis on specific sites like the sella and occipital bone may reduce errors by up to 60%.