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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 14, 2019

Inversion-Recovery-Prepared Oscillating Gradient Sequence Improves Diffusion-Time Dependency Measurements in the

Haotian Li¹, Tao Zu¹, Yi-Cheng Hsu²

¹Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI

|June 20, 2022

Summary

Inversion-recovery prepared diffusion MRI effectively reduces cerebrospinal fluid contamination, improving short diffusion-time measurements in the brain. This technique enhances accuracy for both healthy subjects and glioma patients.

Keywords:

3D GRASE CSF contamination diffusion-time dependency inversion-recovery oscillating gradient diffusion MRI

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Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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Published on: August 14, 2019

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Metabolic Support of Excised, Living Brain Tissues During Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Acquisition

Metabolic Support of Excised, Living Brain Tissues During Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Acquisition

Published on: October 18, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Diffusion MRI Physics

Background:

Short diffusion-time (t_d) diffusion MRI (dMRI) offers advanced measurements but faces challenges in clinical settings.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contamination is a significant issue in low b-value, low-resolution dMRI.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of CSF partial volume on t_d-dMRI measurements.
To assess the efficacy of inversion-recovery (IR) prepared oscillating and pulsed gradient dMRI sequences in improving these measurements.

Main Methods:

Utilized 3T MRI with 3D IR-prepared oscillating gradient-prepared gradient spin-echo (GRASE) and 2D IR-prepared oscillating gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences.
Assessed t_d-dependent apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) patterns in normal volunteers and glioma patients with and without IR preparation.

Main Results:

IR-prepared sequences significantly improved t_d-dependent ADC measurements in CSF-contaminated regions (hippocampus, cortex) in healthy subjects.
Glioma patients showed significantly higher t_d-dependence in tumors with IR compared to non-IR sequences.

Conclusions:

The IR-prepared sequence effectively mitigates CSF partial volume effects.
This method significantly enhances the accuracy of t_d-dependent dMRI measurements in the human brain.