Radiologic Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer: An Update

Although cystoscopic biopsy is the standard of care for initial diagnosis and local staging of bladder cancer, radiologic imaging plays a major role in identifying local invasion, nodal status, distant metastasis, and posttreatment surveillance. Recent development of the Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System for interpretation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the bladder has expanded the role diagnostic imaging in the management of bladder cancer. This article reviews multimodality imaging appearances, staging, and differential diagnosis of bladder cancer.