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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Conformation Dynamics of Single Polymer Strands in Solution.

Yuna Bae1,2,3, Min Young Ha1, Ki-Taek Bang4

  • 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 20, 2022
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Summary

Tracking single polymer chains in real-time reveals how their shape changes dynamically. Intrastate interactions and environmental factors like surfaces influence these conformational dynamics.

Keywords:
conformational dynamicsdendronized polymerssemiflexible chainsingle-chain dynamicssingle-molecule imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Macromolecular science
  • Polymer physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Macromolecular conformational changes are crucial for function and structure.
  • Studying single macromolecule dynamics is experimentally challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the real-time conformational dynamics of individual semiflexible polymers.
  • To understand the factors influencing these dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM).
  • Real-time tracking of single-chain polymers.
  • Graphene liquid cells for in situ imaging in organic solvents.

Main Results:

  • Directly observed chain-resolved conformational dynamics of individual polymers.
  • Identified intrachain interactions as the origin of dynamic conformational transitions.
  • Demonstrated environmental influences (surfaces, interfaces) on polymer dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Single-chain polymer dynamics are governed by internal interactions and external environmental factors.
  • LP-TEM provides unprecedented insights into macromolecular conformational behavior.