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ESEM-EDX Microanalysis at Bone-Implant Region on Immediately Loaded Implants Retrieved Postmortem.

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    The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
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    Environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM-EDX) revealed distinct bone mineralization patterns around dental implants. Mandibular bone showed faster maturation, while maxillary bone exhibited ongoing remodeling, indicating differential healing times.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Dental Implantology
    • Materials Characterization

    Background:

    • Understanding peri-implant bone healing is crucial for dental implant success.
    • Microchemical analysis provides insights into bone tissue composition and mineralization.
    • Environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM-EDX) offers advanced imaging and elemental analysis capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the microchemistry and mineralization of human bone surrounding retrieved dental implants.
    • To compare bone tissue characteristics in different regions of interest (ROIs) using ESEM-EDX.
    • To investigate the presence and distribution of titanium (Ti) particles and ions.

    Main Methods:

    • Postmortem human maxillary and mandibular bone blocks with implants were analyzed using ESEM-EDX.
    • Histologic samples were examined uncoated, with ROIs defined at the cortical thread and middle implant sections.
    • Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and Ti content were quantified; Ca/P ratios indicated mineralization levels.

    Main Results:

    • Four bone areas (BAs) were identified based on Ca and P content and electron density, ranging from low (bone marrow, active remodeling) to high (mineralized new bone, cortical bone).
    • Mandibular bone showed higher percentages of highly mineralized bone (BA3, BA4) compared to maxillary bone, which had more areas of active remodeling (BA2).
    • Titanium (Ti) ions and particles were detected near the implant interface, with concentrations decreasing with distance; traces were found in healthy bone tissue up to 2.0 mm away.

    Conclusions:

    • Mandibular bone demonstrated faster compact bone formation within 7 months post-placement, while maxillary bone exhibited sustained remodeling.
    • ESEM-EDX is a suitable technique for detailed microchemical and mineralization analysis of peri-implant bone.
    • Differential mineralization patterns in maxillary and mandibular bone suggest varying healing times, and Ti particle presence did not impede bone remodeling.