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    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel modified phase-shifting structured illumination technique significantly enhances the lateral resolution of acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM). This method improves imaging detail by fivefold, overcoming acoustic diffraction limits for clearer 3D facial tissue visualization.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Acoustic Imaging
    • Microscopy

    Background:

    • Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) offers 3D imaging of facial tissues.
    • AR-PAM's lateral resolution is limited by acoustic lens numerical aperture and transducer frequency, with a trade-off between resolution and imaging depth.
    • High numerical aperture (NA) AR-PAM exhibits depth-variant resolution due to acoustic beam expansion.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To enhance the lateral resolution of AR-PAM beyond the diffraction limit.
    • To overcome the limitations of conventional synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and structured illumination.
    • To develop a modified phase-shifting method for improved spectral shifting and bandwidth expansion.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a modified phase-shifting structured illumination technique.
    • Generation of the second harmonic of fringes to double the spectral shift.
    • Application of beamforming with a virtual detector (VD) concept to compensate for acoustic beam shape.
    • Theoretical analysis of mathematical relations and spectral shifting.

    Main Results:

    • The modified phase-shifting method expands spatial bandwidth, increasing lateral resolution by fivefold.
    • Resolution improvement demonstrated from 44.6 [Formula: see text] to 11.3 [Formula: see text] using a tungsten filament.
    • In vivo and ex vivo experimental results validated the enhanced system performance.

    Conclusions:

    • The modified phase-shifting structured illumination technique effectively overcomes acoustic diffraction limits in AR-PAM.
    • This advanced method significantly improves lateral resolution, enabling more detailed 3D imaging of biological tissues.
    • The developed technique shows promise for advanced biomedical imaging applications requiring high resolution.