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Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Highly efficient preconcentration using anodically generated shrinking gas bubbles for per- and polyfluoroalkyl

Ruchiranga Ranaweera¹, Shizhong An², Yue Cao¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

|June 21, 2022

Summary

A new method uses shrinking gas bubbles to efficiently preconcentrate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), achieving ~1400-fold enrichment of PFOS and PFOA. This technique enables rapid detection of these common PFAS in water samples.

Keywords:

Bubble bursting aerosol Electrochemistry PFAS detection Preconcentration

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Published on: September 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants requiring sensitive detection methods.
Existing preconcentration techniques for PFAS can be time-consuming and less efficient.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set detection limits for PFAS in water.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a highly efficient method for preconcentrating PFAS from aqueous samples.
To improve upon existing bubble-based preconcentration methods for PFAS.
To enable sensitive and rapid detection of common PFAS like PFOS and PFOA.

Main Methods:

Utilized anodically generated shrinking gas bubbles (O2/CO2) for PFAS preconcentration via aerosol formation.
Employed an ammonium bicarbonate solution for in situ electrogeneration of gas bubbles.
Investigated the mechanism of enhanced enrichment, including bubble shrinkage and electrostatic interactions.

Main Results:

Achieved approximately 1400-fold enrichment of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 20 minutes.
Demonstrated a 15% to 105% improvement in enrichment factor compared to previous cathodic bubble methods.
Successfully detected ≥70 ng/L of PFOA and PFOS in water within 20 minutes by coupling with a bubble-nucleation detection method.

Conclusions:

Anodic generation of shrinking gas bubbles offers a superior method for PFAS preconcentration.
The enhanced enrichment is attributed to increased bubble surface area dynamics and favorable electrostatic interactions.
This method meets the EPA's requirements for sensitive and rapid PFAS detection in environmental monitoring.