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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology
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In vivo peripheral nerve activation using sinusoidal low-frequency alternating currents.

Awadh Alhawwash1,2, M Ivette Muzquiz3, Lindsay Richardson3

  • 1Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Artificial Organs
|June 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) successfully activated autonomic nerve fibers in swine, demonstrating frequency-dependent thresholds. This research opens new avenues for neurorehabilitation therapies.

Keywords:
Hering-Breuer reflexelectrical stimulationlow-frequency alternating currentnerve activationneuromodulationvagus nerve stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) is a novel waveform explored for nerve conduction block.
  • Previous research suggested a potential frequency dependency for nerve activation thresholds.
  • The Hering-Breuer (HB) reflex was utilized as a biomarker for cervical vagus nerve activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if increasing LFAC amplitude activates nerve fibers in autonomic nerves.
  • To determine the frequency-dependent activation thresholds of autonomic nerve fibers using LFAC.
  • To assess the potential of LFAC as a neurostimulation modality.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted on isoflurane-anesthetized swine.
  • Bipolar stimulating and tripolar recording cuff electrodes were implanted on the vagus nerve.
  • Standard pulse stimulation and continuous sinusoidal LFAC (5-20 Hz) were applied to elicit and detect nerve activation via the HB reflex.

Main Results:

  • LFAC was capable of eliciting an HB response, indicating autonomic nerve fiber activation.
  • LFAC activation thresholds were frequency-dependent, with lower thresholds at higher frequencies (e.g., 0.44 mA at 20 Hz).
  • LFAC stimulation correlated with the activation of slower nerve fiber components associated with the HB reflex, without observed nerve or electrode damage.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the feasibility of using LFAC waveforms at 5, 10, and 20 Hz to activate autonomic nerve fibers.
  • LFAC presents a potential new modality for neurorehabilitation.
  • The findings support further investigation into LFAC for therapeutic applications.