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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

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Recent Developments in Nano-Formulations Against Diabetes.

Swaralipi Choudhury¹, Prasun Patra¹

¹Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology

|June 23, 2022

Summary

Nanotechnology offers a promising solution to improve diabetes management by overcoming the limitations of traditional insulin injections. Nano-formulations enhance drug delivery, potentially leading to better glycemic control and patient compliance.

Keywords:

Diabetes mellitus (DM)insulin delivery nano-formulations nano-medicine nanodevices nanoparticles

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Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents significant challenges in patient compliance due to painful subcutaneous injections of therapies like insulin.
Current DM management strategies require optimization for improved glycemic control, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Approach:

This review explores the application of nano-formulations in diabetes management, analyzing current research and development stages.
Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to overcome biopharmaceutical obstacles, enhancing drug properties and enabling targeted delivery.

Key Points:

Nano-formulations can improve the efficacy and patient compliance of diabetic therapies.
Targeted drug delivery via nanotechnology can overcome limitations of conventional treatments.
Emerging nano-based technologies show potential for significant impact on diabetes care.

Conclusions:

Nanotechnology presents a transformative approach to diabetes management, addressing key challenges in treatment delivery and patient adherence.
Further development of nano-formulations is crucial for advancing diabetes care towards more effective and convenient therapeutic options.