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Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

Inferring excitation-inhibition dynamics using a maximum entropy model unifying brain structure and function.

Igor Fortel¹, Mitchell Butler¹, Laura E Korthauer^2,3

¹Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Network Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)

|June 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new brain network model integrating structure and function to simulate neural dynamics. The findings reveal sex-specific differences in excitation-inhibition balance among apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ε4 carriers.

Keywords:

Brain criticality Excitation-inhibition balance Functional connectivity Ising model Maximum entropy Structural connectome

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Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

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Published on: June 27, 2013

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Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

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Published on: March 31, 2016

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Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

Published on: June 27, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Network Science

Background:

Neural activity coordination across scales underlies cognitive functions.
Bridging micro- and macroscale brain processes remains a challenge.
Understanding brain network dynamics is crucial for cognitive neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel framework for inferring a hybrid resting-state structural connectome.
To integrate structural connectivity with functional interactions for improved brain dynamics simulation.
To investigate connectome-level differences in excitation-inhibition balance in relation to APOE-ε4 status.

Main Methods:

Developed a maximum entropy model to infer a hybrid structural connectome.
Constrained functional interaction inference with structural connectivity.
Employed Monte Carlo simulations to model brain network dynamics.
Probed excitation-inhibition balance differences between APOE-ε4 carriers and non-carriers.

Main Results:

The structurally informed network model outperformed the unconstrained model in simulating brain dynamics.
Constraining the model with network structure improved the estimation of pairwise BOLD signal interactions.
Revealed sex differences in functional dynamics at criticality among APOE-ε4 carriers.
Female APOE-ε4 carriers showed lower tolerance to network disruptions due to increased excitatory interactions.

Conclusions:

The novel multimodal network enables integrated analysis of brain structure and function.
Provides insights into the balance of excitation and inhibition in neural activity.
Highlights sex-specific differences in brain network dynamics related to APOE-ε4 genotype.