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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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The Retina01:32

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro
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Artificial Visual Information Produced by Retinal Prostheses.

Sein Kim1, Hyeonhee Roh1,2, Maesoon Im1,3

  • 1Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|June 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Restoring vision with retinal prosthetics requires understanding neural information transmission. This review highlights the importance of quantifying information encoded by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) for developing advanced artificial vision systems.

Keywords:
information theoryneural computationretinal prostheticsspike trainsvisual information

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Current retinal prosthetics restore some vision in degenerative diseases by electrical stimulation.
  • Previous research focused on spatial resolution and selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activation.
  • Normal vision relies on information transmission via RGC spiking activity, which is underexplored in prosthetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical role of neural information transmission for high-quality artificial vision.
  • To review methods for computing information rates from RGCs.
  • To explore the relationship between information and spiking patterns using computational models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of information transmission rates in RGCs.
  • Exemplification of studies calculating neural information from electrical stimulation.
  • Introduction to direct and reconstruction methods for information rate computation.
  • Discussion of in silico modeling of artificial retinal neural networks.

Main Results:

  • Information transmission rates from RGCs in response to visual stimuli have been previously computed.
  • Neural information from electrically evoked responses has been quantified in select studies.
  • In silico models can explore the link between information quantity and spiking patterns.

Conclusions:

  • High-quality artificial vision necessitates considering neural information transmission.
  • Further improvements in retinal prosthetics depend on quantifying and optimizing information transfer.
  • Clinical implications underscore the need to integrate information-theoretic approaches into prosthetic design.