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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

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Repeated warm water baths decrease sympathetic activity in humans.

Jian Cui1, Zhaohui Gao1, Urs A Leuenberger1

  • 1Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|June 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeated moderate heat exposure through warm baths significantly lowered resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and heart rate in older adults. These findings suggest beneficial effects of regular warm baths on the sympathetic nervous system.

Keywords:
autonomicheart rate variabilityheat therapystresssympathetic

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Thermoregulation
  • Autonomic Nervous System Function

Background:

  • Acute heat stress activates the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Chronic effects of repeated moderate heat exposure (RMHE) on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) are not well understood in healthy individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of a 4-week RMHE program using warm baths on resting and stress-induced MSNA and hemodynamic variables in healthy older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Nine healthy older adults (59±2 yr) underwent 4 weeks of warm baths (∼40°C, 30 min/day, 5 days/wk).
  • Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), heart rate, and blood pressure were measured before, 1 day after, and 1 week after the RMHE period.
  • Responses to cold pressor test (CPT) and handgrip (HG) exercise were assessed under normothermic conditions (∼23°C).

Main Results:

  • RMHE significantly reduced resting MSNA burst rate and burst incidence (P < 0.001).
  • Resting heart rate also significantly decreased post-RMHE (P = 0.031).
  • Baroreflex sensitivity and sympathetic responses to CPT and HG exercise remained unaltered, though operating points shifted.

Conclusions:

  • Four weeks of RMHE via warm baths effectively lowers resting sympathetic activity and heart rate in healthy older adults.
  • These changes appear to be beneficial, though the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
  • RMHE does not impair baroreflex sensitivity or sympathetic reactivity to acute stressors.