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Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link?

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College student depression is linked to rumination and negative past time perspectives. Cognitive factors like hope and working memory also influence depression in non-students.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Non-clinical depression significantly affects college students, with up to 30% experiencing major depressive episodes.
  • The Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) time perspective model suggests time perception influences emotions, judgments, and decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of time perspectives, hope, rumination, and working memory in college student depression.
  • To compare these influences between currently enrolled college students and non-college participants.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (college students and non-college individuals) completed validated scales: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Adult Hope Scale, Rumination Reflection Questionnaire, and Automated Working Memory Assessment.
  • Linear regression analysis was employed to identify predictive factors for depressive symptoms.

Main Results:

  • For college students, rumination and negative past time perspectives significantly predicted depressive symptoms.
  • In non-college students, rumination, present fatalism, hope agency, and verbal working memory predicted depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Rumination is a key factor in depression symptomology across different groups.
  • Incorporating time perspective measures into cognitive depression models and treatments may enhance effectiveness.