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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Proteolytic control in ciliogenesis: Temporal restriction or early initiation?

Gregor Habeck1, Jörg Schweiggert1

  • 1Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.

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Summary

Ubiquitylation regulates cell state transitions and primary cilia formation. This study explores how ubiquitin-dependent processes, particularly proteasomal degradation, initiate early in the cell cycle to control ciliogenesis.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular processes rely on a dynamic proteome for state transitions.
  • Ubiquitylation drives these transitions via proteasomal degradation.
  • Centrosome remodeling for primary cilia formation is a key example.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ubiquitin-dependent regulation of ciliogenesis.
  • To discuss evidence for early cell cycle initiation of these events.
  • To highlight proteolytic regulation preceding evident effects on cilia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ubiquitin-related events in ciliogenesis.
  • Analysis of existing data on cell cycle timing.
  • Synthesis of findings on proteolytic regulation.

Main Results:

  • Ubiquitylation is crucial for centrosome remodeling and ciliogenesis.
  • Many ubiquitin-related events in ciliogenesis are thought to occur ad hoc.
  • Evidence suggests some regulatory events initiate earlier in the cell cycle.

Conclusions:

  • Ubiquitylation plays a vital role in controlling cell cycle exit and primary cilia formation.
  • Proteolytic regulation by ubiquitylation may be initiated earlier than previously assumed.
  • Understanding this early onset is key to comprehending ciliogenesis control.