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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
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Antigen Load and T Cell Function: A Challenging Interaction in HBV Infection.

Ilaria Montali1,2, Andrea Vecchi1, Marzia Rossi1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.

Biomedicines
|June 24, 2022
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Summary

New strategies are needed to cure chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection by addressing T cell exhaustion. Understanding the interplay between viral antigens and T cells is key to improving antiviral responses.

Keywords:
HBsAgT cellsantigen loadchronic HBV infection

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection often requires lifelong nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment.
  • Virus-specific T cell dysfunction contributes to HBV persistence.
  • Developing strategies to shorten antiviral therapy is a critical unmet need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interplay between T cells and viral antigens in chronic HBV infection.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding T cell exhaustion mechanisms for potential HBV cures.
  • To explore antigen decline as a factor in improving anti-HBV T cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of T cell dysfunction in chronic HBV.
  • Analysis of mechanisms contributing to T cell exhaustion.
  • Examination of the role of viral antigen burden, specifically HBsAg.

Main Results:

  • Persistent exposure to high viral antigen loads, like HBsAg, is implicated in T cell dysfunction.
  • Immune-modulation strategies aim to restore host antiviral responses for HBV cure.
  • Direct evidence linking antigen decline to improved anti-viral T cell function is still limited.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T cell exhaustion is crucial for designing effective HBV functional T cell correction strategies.
  • Targeting the T cell-viral antigen interplay may offer new therapeutic avenues beyond current treatments.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the impact of antigen decline on T cell function in chronic HBV.